Blanket bog

Threats

Peat extraction
This may be either domestic or commercial.

Drainage
Drainage ditches, both new and old will lower the water table and may initiate erosion and oxidation of the peat. Even unmaintained old drains will continue to affect the hydrology of a site. Lowered water tables will alter the species composition of the surface vegetation and have a detrimental affect on specialist invertebrates. Drainage at the margins of bogs will lower the water table and may modify the surface patterning, such as loss of Sphagnum hollows.

Afforestation by exotic conifers
Coniferous trees have been planted on extensive areas of blanket bog in the past. The trees will continue to affect the hydrology and species composition of adjacent areas of blanket mire as they mature and require more water. Afforestation has generally been accompanied by furrowing of the ground, and these highly destructive drainage channels become a long-lasting scar.

Development
The construction of wind farms and communication masts, together with associated infrastructure such as access and maintenance roads causes significant hydrological disruption. Links to the national grid via landlines or more usually pylons also have an impact on very fragile blanket bog during the construction phase.

Agricultural improvement
Heavy grazing (by sheep, red deer, cattle and horses) will have a significant impact on mire vegetation, especially if there is supplementary feeding (which will increase the nutrient input) and other management measures such as drainage, burning or fencing.

Burning
Serious fires can result in the loss of surface vegetation and the death of peat-forming species. These can slowly recover over time (>20 years), but the invertebrate population will be seriously affected.

Erosion
Erosion on blanket bog exposes more of the peat to the atmosphere, increasing drying and oxidation of the peat. Hag erosion may be instigated, resulting in extensive patches of bare eroding peat both in gullies and flatter areas.

Eutrophication of water supply
Run-off from road drainage, agricultural pollution, nutrient enrichment from sewage etc.

Water-course liming
Blanket bog habitats are naturally acidic. If lime is added to lochs, lakes and rivers as a treatment for acidification, this may have a detrimental effect on adjacent areas of blanket bog.

Fertilisers
The application of fertilisers and lime to increase stock grazing productivity will inevitably modify the ecology to the detriment of the blanket bog invertebrate fauna.

Atmospheric pollution
Many bogs, especially those in the North of England, have been affected by atmospheric pollution. This alters the nutrient status of the bog, and hence the plant species composition.

Habitat Management

Maintain the hydrology
As a peat bog consists of 95-98% water held by Sphagnum peat, the water level is the most crucial aspect to consider when managing this Priority habitat type. Operations some distance away from the ombrotrophic Sphagnum communities can therefore have a devastating effect if they are on sites within the same hydrological unit. In order to conserve the characteristic bog communities, it is necessary to look at the whole system, which may extend beyond the boundaries of a particular site. Drainage ditches and forestry plantations will remove water from surface layers of the bog and ultimately lower the bog surface, favouring plants which grow in drier conditions, thus adversely affecting any specialist invertebrate species. Wet blanket bog is of great importance to many invertebrates such as spiders and leaf-hopper bugs. Drying peat will shrink and oxidise, creating erosion problems and increasing vulnerability to fire damage, so it is essential to maintain water levels. On sites that are drying, raising the water levels should be considered.

Blocking any existing drains to retain rainwater will allow the water table to re-stabilise and peat-forming Sphagnum species to colonise areas that have dried or been affected by peat cutting or milling. Unless the peat has been removed down to the level of the mineral substrate, secondary bog vegetation will return over time. Water flow is essential for some species, such as the caddisfly Oxyethira mirabilis, so care should be taken that any work does not compromise the survival of these invertebrates.

Maintain habitat diversity
It is important to maintain a habitat mosaic both within and beyond the bog, as this is important for species such as the vulnerable Bog hoverfly Eristalis cryptarum. The natural structure of the surface of an undamaged blanket bog provides a variety of aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats each supporting different invertebrates. Management should aim to recognise and monitor these valuable microhabitats: boggy pools, flushes, wet peat, sedge (Carex) and rush (Juncus) stands and localised poor fen. Retaining extensive areas of inundated Sphagnum is particularly important for invertebrate species with a high nature conservation status.

It is also important to consider the fringes of bogs and ensure that they support a rich marginal vegetation. Tussocky vegetation of taller Molinia, Carex or Juncus and the associated litter build-up provides cooler, more sheltered microhabitats for adult craneflies and drier sites for over-wintering invertebrates such as spiders. Ericaceous dwarf shrubs also support many heather-feeding moths and other insects, as well as providing a well-developed vegetation structure for spiders. Scrub on the fringes of blanket bog in habitats such as streamsides supports its own fauna and provides shelter; sallow catkins may be the best spring nectar source for many adult insects.

Avoid burning
Burning destroys large numbers of invertebrates, potentially entire populations of species living wholly in the above-ground parts of plants. In acid sites it can also encourage purple moor-grass at the expense of other vegetation. Too hot a burn can kill bog-moss and burn into the peat, altering plant communities and damaging invertebrate interest.

Heather management through burning appears to be especially damaging to plant-hopper bugs, sensitive species taking a long time to return. Burning should be therefore replaced with a more sympathetic form of management such as cutting or low-level grazing.

Prevent nutrient enrichment and pollution of the water table
Pollution incidents and nutrient enrichment lead to the loss of Sphagnum bog vegetation reducing its ability to support species such as the rare Wybunbury Moss carol-rita spider Carorita limnaea.

Prevent invasion of scrub and trees
If water table levels are maintained then significant scrub invasion should not present a major problem as the very wet, infertile ground conditions, altitude and exposure of the blanket bogs often makes tree or shrub growth difficult. However, in areas of bog that have already begun to dry as a result of drainage or agricultural operations, scrub invasion can be prevented by cutting or light grazing, but it is important not to overgraze. Grazing can cause problems to blanket bog habitats, causing damage to the vegetation by trampling and affecting the species composition if nutrient enrichment occurs by the deposition of dung.

Afforestation is a major threat to this habitat and should be discouraged.

Minimise disturbance
Excessive trampling through over-grazing or large numbers of ramblers is a problem, as it affects the growth of fragile Sphagnum mosses and can ultimately alter the species composition or lead to erosion of the peat. Natural pools within the Sphagnum lawns should be left unmanaged and not cleared or deepened.

Exceptions to general habitat management
Ampedus pomorum is a nationally scarce click beetle associated with the dead heartwood of mature birch trees and is characteristic of the fringes of peatlands where ancient broadleafed woodland and birch woodland has developed on bogs. Another nationally scarce click beetle Ampedus nigrinus, primarily a woodland species, has also been found in rotten heartwood of birch and Scots pine around the margins of blanket bogs. In these cases, clearance of woody growth and scrub prevention is detrimental.

Some invertebrates like small patches of bare wet peat so trampling in confined rare strips may actually be beneficial.

BAP species associated with blanket bog:

Bog hoverfly (Eristalis cryptarum )
Requires slightly acid bog runnels. Females have been seen laying eggs on or close to fresh cow dung, which may be a key factor in obtaining enrichment for the larvae.

Tipula serrulifera a cranefly, possibly found in flushes

For a more comprehensive list of species associated with this habitat, please see the download list.